感染控制与卫生安全Infection Control & Workplace Safety

学习目标Learning Outcomes

Learning Outcomes学习目标

完成本模块后，你应该能够：By the end of this module you will be able to:

• 说出感染链的六个环节，并指出在诊所里可以从哪里切断它Name the six links in the chain of infection and identify where you break it in a clinic
• 区分清洁、消毒与灭菌，并知道各自适用于哪类器械Distinguish cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation, and know which instruments need which
• 正确执行手卫生的五个时刻与七步洗手法Perform hand hygiene correctly at the five moments, using the seven-step technique
• 正确选择、穿戴与脱除个人防护装备Select, put on and remove personal protective equipment correctly
• 安全处理锐器，并说出针刺伤后的处理步骤Handle sharps safely and state the steps to follow after a needlestick injury
• 正确分类与处置临床废物Classify and dispose of clinical waste correctly
• 使用风险控制层级识别并降低工作场所风险Use the hierarchy of control to identify and reduce workplace risk
• 说明澳洲与新州对皮肤穿刺类服务的基本法规要求Explain the basic Australian and NSW requirements for skin penetration services

第一部分 · 感染是怎么发生的Part One · How Infection Happens

Part One · How Infection Happens第一部分 · 感染是怎么发生的

感染控制不是「多洗几次手」，而是一套系统。理解原理之后，你会知道每一个动作为什么要做，而不是死记流程。Infection control is a system, not just extra hand washing. Once you understand the principle, every step makes sense instead of being a list to memorise.

1.1 感染链的六个环节1.1 The six links in the chain of infection

感染必须完整走完六个环节才会发生。切断任何一环，感染就无法成立 —— 这就是我们所有防护措施的理论基础。Infection only occurs when all six links connect. Break any one of them and it cannot happen. That is the logic behind everything we do.

1.2 四类病原体1.2 Four types of pathogen

1.3 血源性病原体1.3 Bloodborne pathogens

乙肝病毒（HBV）在室温下的干燥血液中可存活至少 7 天，且传染性远高于 HIV。这就是为什么「看不见血」并不等于安全 —— 所有客户都必须按照可能带有血源性病原体的标准来对待。这项原则称为「标准预防措施」（Standard Precautions）。Hepatitis B can survive in dried blood at room temperature for at least seven days and is far more infectious than HIV. This is why "I can't see any blood" does not mean safe. Treat every client as if bloodborne pathogens may be present — this principle is called Standard Precautions.

第二部分 · 手卫生Part Two · Hand Hygiene

Part Two · Hand Hygiene第二部分 · 手卫生

2.1 手卫生的五个时刻2.1 The five moments for hand hygiene

2.2 洗手 vs 免洗消毒液2.2 Soap and water vs alcohol rub

七步洗手法要点：掌心、手背、指缝、指背、拇指、指尖、手腕。手指甲必须剪短、不留人工甲片，治疗时不戴戒指与手链 —— 这些位置是洗手最常漏掉的地方。The seven steps cover palms, backs of hands, between fingers, backs of fingers, thumbs, fingertips and wrists. Keep nails short with no enhancements, and remove rings and bracelets before treating — these are the spots most often missed.

第三部分 · 器械的清洁、消毒与灭菌Part Three · Cleaning, Disinfection & Sterilisation

Part Three · Cleaning, Disinfection & Sterilisation第三部分 · 器械的清洁、消毒与灭菌

这三个词经常被混用，但它们是完全不同的等级 —— 用错等级就等于没做。These three words get used interchangeably, but they are different levels. Using the wrong one is the same as doing nothing.

3.1 斯波尔丁分类法3.1 The Spaulding classification

判断一件器械需要哪个等级，看它接触什么：To decide which level an item needs, look at what it touches:

• 高度危险（Critical）—— 刺破皮肤或进入无菌组织，如微针针头、纹绣针、抽血针：必须灭菌或使用一次性无菌产品Critical — penetrates skin or enters sterile tissue, such as microneedling cartridges, PMU needles, blood collection needles: must be sterile or single-use
• 中度危险（Semi-critical）—— 接触黏膜或破损皮肤，如镊子、粉刺针：需灭菌Semi-critical — contacts mucous membranes or broken skin, such as tweezers and comedone extractors: sterilise
• 低度危险（Non-critical）—— 只接触完整皮肤，如刮勺、碗、仪器探头：清洁后消毒即可Non-critical — touches intact skin only, such as spatulas, bowls and machine probes: clean then disinfect

3.2 高压蒸汽灭菌器（Autoclave）3.2 The autoclave

第四部分 · 防护装备、锐器与废物Part Four · PPE, Sharps & Waste

Part Four · PPE, Sharps & Waste第四部分 · 防护装备、锐器与废物

4.1 个人防护装备4.1 Personal protective equipment

• 手套 —— 每位客户更换，不可重复使用，不可戴着手套接触门把、手机、电脑Gloves — new pair for every client, never reused, and never worn to touch door handles, phones or keyboards
• 口罩 —— 涉及飞沫或气溶胶的操作（激光、微晶、抽血）必戴Mask — required whenever droplets or aerosols are generated, such as laser, microdermabrasion or blood draw
• 护目镜 —— 有喷溅风险或激光操作时必戴，激光需专用波长护目镜Eye protection — for splash risk, and wavelength-specific goggles for laser
• 围裙或一次性罩衣 —— 有体液喷溅风险时使用Apron or disposable gown — when there is a risk of fluid splash

脱除顺序很重要：手套 → 护目镜 → 罩衣 → 口罩，最后洗手。因为手套是最脏的，必须最先脱掉。Removal order matters: gloves, then eye protection, then gown, then mask, then wash your hands. Gloves are the dirtiest item, so they come off first.

4.2 锐器安全4.2 Sharps safety

• 锐器盒必须是符合澳洲标准的黄色专用容器，装到约三分之二即更换Use an Australian-standard yellow sharps container and replace it when about two-thirds full
• 锐器盒放在伸手可及处，用完立即丢弃，不可暂放在台面上Keep it within arm's reach and dispose immediately — never rest a sharp on the bench
• 绝对不可回套针帽（no recapping）—— 这是针刺伤最常见的原因Never recap a needle. Recapping is the single most common cause of needlestick injury.
• 使用者本人负责处置自己使用的锐器，不可交给他人Whoever uses the sharp disposes of it — never hand it to someone else

4.3 废物分类4.3 Waste segregation

第五部分 · 工作场所健康与安全Part Five · Work Health & Safety

Part Five · Work Health & Safety第五部分 · 工作场所健康与安全

5.1 风险控制层级5.1 The hierarchy of control

遇到任何风险，从最有效的方式开始往下找，而不是一上来就发口罩。Work from the most effective control downwards. Handing out masks is the last resort, not the first response.

5.2 化学品安全5.2 Chemical safety

• 所有化学品必须保留安全数据表（SDS），并放在员工随时可取的位置Keep a Safety Data Sheet for every chemical, accessible to staff at all times
• 容器必须有清晰标签，分装后同样要贴标签Label every container clearly, including anything you decant
• 酸类、过氧化物、酒精须按说明分开存放，远离热源Store acids, peroxides and alcohol separately as directed and away from heat
• 使用刺激性产品时保持通风Ventilate when working with irritant products

5.3 人体工学与个人健康5.3 Ergonomics and your own health

美容师的职业损伤大多来自重复动作与不良姿势 —— 颈肩劳损、腕管综合征、腰背痛。调整治疗床高度让你不必弯腰，坐姿时双脚平放，每小时活动一次，两位客户之间给自己留缓冲时间。你的手是你的生产工具，保护它跟保护客户一样重要。Most therapist injuries come from repetition and posture — neck and shoulder strain, carpal tunnel, lower back pain. Set the bed height so you are not stooping, keep both feet flat when seated, move every hour, and leave a buffer between clients. Your hands are your livelihood; protecting them matters as much as protecting the client.

5.4 法规与记录5.4 Regulation and records

• 在新南威尔士州，提供皮肤穿刺类服务（纹绣、微针、耳洞）的场所须向当地议会登记，并接受公共卫生检查In NSW, premises offering skin penetration services such as PMU, microneedling or piercing must notify the local council and are subject to public health inspection
• 客户记录须包含咨询、禁忌症筛查、知情同意与治疗内容，并按规定年限保存Client records must include consultation, contraindication screening, informed consent and what was performed, and be kept for the required period
• 灭菌记录、事故记录、化学品清单须随时可供查阅Sterilisation logs, incident records and the chemical register must be available on request
• 所有员工须接受感染控制培训，并保留培训记录All staff must be trained in infection control, with training records retained

理论测验Knowledge Check

Knowledge Check · 15 questions理论测验 · 15 题

共 15 题，每题一个正确答案。答对 12 题（80%）以上为通过。提交后会显示答案与解析。Fifteen questions, one correct answer each. Twelve correct is a pass. Answers and explanations appear after you submit.