模块四 · 理论Module 4 · Theory
蜡脱毛服务Waxing & Hair Removal Services
Waxing & Hair Removal Services蜡脱毛服务
对应单元 SHBBHRS010
提供除毛服务 Unit SHBBHRS010
Provide waxing services
提供除毛服务 Unit SHBBHRS010
Provide waxing services
学习目标Learning Outcomes
Learning Outcomes学习目标
完成本模块后，你应该能够：By the end of this module you will be able to:
- 描述毛发的结构与三个生长周期，并解释它对脱毛效果的影响Describe hair structure and the three growth phases, and explain how they affect results
- 区分三种毛发类型，并判断哪些适合蜡脱毛Distinguish the three hair types and judge which are suitable for waxing
- 比较各种除毛方式的原理、效果与维持时间Compare hair removal methods by mechanism, result and how long they last
- 正确选择软蜡与硬蜡，并说出各自适用部位Choose correctly between strip and hot wax and name where each is used
- 安全测试蜡温并按毛流方向正确施作Test wax temperature safely and work correctly with the direction of growth
- 识别脱毛的绝对与相对禁忌症Identify absolute and relative contraindications to waxing
- 说明毛囊炎与内生毛的成因与预防Explain what causes folliculitis and ingrown hairs, and how to prevent them
- 执行符合规范的卫生操作，包括禁止重复蘸蜡Follow correct hygiene practice, including the no double-dipping rule
第一部分 · 毛发的结构与生长Part One · Hair Structure & Growth
Part One · Hair Structure & Growth第一部分 · 毛发的结构与生长
脱毛效果好不好，一大半取决于你懂不懂毛发周期。同一次脱毛，为什么有人两周就长出来、有人能维持六周？答案就在这一节。How good your waxing results are depends largely on whether you understand the hair cycle. Why does one client regrow in two weeks and another stay smooth for six? The answer is here.
1.1 毛发的基本结构1.1 The structure of a hair
| 部分Part | English中文 | 说明Detail |
|---|---|---|
| 毛干Hair shaft | Hair shaft毛干 | 露出皮肤表面的部分，已角化、无生命The visible part above the skin. Keratinised and no longer living. |
| 毛根Hair root | Hair root毛根 | 埋在毛囊内的部分The portion sitting inside the follicle |
| 毛球Hair bulb | Hair bulb毛球 | 毛发底端膨大处，包裹毛乳头The swollen base of the hair, wrapped around the papilla |
| 毛乳头Dermal papilla | Dermal papilla毛乳头 | 供应血液与营养 —— 毛发真正的「生命源」Supplies blood and nutrients. This is what actually keeps the hair alive. |
| 毛囊Follicle | Follicle毛囊 | 包裹毛发的管道，皮脂腺开口于此The tube containing the hair, with the sebaceous gland opening into it |
| 立毛肌Arrector pili | Arrector pili muscle立毛肌 | 收缩时毛发竖起，形成「鸡皮疙瘩」Contracts to raise the hair, producing goosebumps |
1.2 毛发生长的三个周期1.2 The three phases of hair growth
| 周期Phase | English中文 | 状态与脱毛意义What happens and why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| 生长期Anagen | Anagen生长期 | 毛发活跃生长，与毛乳头连接最紧密。这是脱毛的最佳时机 —— 连根拔除，效果最持久Actively growing and firmly attached to the papilla. This is the ideal moment to wax — the whole hair comes out and results last longest. |
| 退行期Catagen | Catagen退行期 | 过渡阶段，毛发与毛乳头分离，生长停止A transition phase. The hair detaches from the papilla and stops growing. |
| 休止期Telogen | Telogen休止期 | 静止阶段，毛发松动待脱落，新毛在下方形成。此期脱毛效果最短暂Resting. The hair is loose and ready to shed while a new one forms below. Waxing now gives the shortest-lived result. |
临床关联 In the clinic 任何时刻，身体各部位的毛发都处在不同周期 —— 这就是为什么一次脱毛不可能永久干净，也是为什么要建议客户每 4–6 周规律来一次。规律脱毛让越来越多的毛发同步到相近周期，效果会一次比一次好，这一点一定要在咨询时讲清楚。At any moment the hairs on one area are in different phases. That is why a single wax can never clear everything, and why you advise a regular four to six week cycle. Waxing regularly gradually syncs more hairs into the same phase, so each appointment works better than the last — say this at consultation.
1.3 三种毛发类型1.3 Three types of hair
- 胎毛 Lanugo —— 胎儿期的细软毛发，出生前后脱落Lanugo — the fine soft hair on a foetus, shed around birth
- 毳毛 Vellus —— 覆盖全身的细软汗毛，颜色浅、无髓质，一般不做脱毛Vellus — the fine pale down covering most of the body, with no medulla. Not normally waxed.
- 终毛 Terminal —— 粗、深、有髓质，如头发、眉毛、腋毛、体毛，是脱毛的主要对象Terminal — coarse, dark, with a medulla. Scalp, brows, underarm and body hair. This is what you wax.
青春期与激素变化（如多囊卵巢综合征）会使毳毛转变为终毛，这解释了为什么部分女性面部或身体毛发突然变粗变多。若客户描述近期毛发快速增粗，应建议她就医排查激素问题，而不是只当作脱毛需求。Puberty and hormonal change, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, can convert vellus hair into terminal hair. That is why some women see facial or body hair suddenly become coarser. If a client describes a rapid change, suggest she see a doctor about the hormonal cause rather than treating it purely as a hair removal request.
第二部分 · 除毛方式对比Part Two · Comparing Hair Removal Methods
Part Two · Comparing Hair Removal Methods第二部分 · 除毛方式对比
| 方式Method | 作用位置Works at | 维持时间与特点Duration and notes |
|---|---|---|
| 剃须Shaving | 皮肤表面切断毛干Cuts the shaft at the surface | 1–3 天；不会使毛发变粗，只是切口平整显得硬One to three days. It does not make hair thicker — the blunt cut end just feels coarser. |
| 脱毛膏Depilatory cream | 化学溶解毛干Chemically dissolves the shaft | 3–5 天；刺激性强，须先做斑贴测试Three to five days. Irritating, so patch test first. |
| 蜡脱毛Waxing | 连根拔除至毛球Removes the hair from the bulb | 3–6 周；反复脱毛可使毛发变细变稀Three to six weeks. Repeated waxing can leave hair finer and sparser. |
| 镊子拔除Tweezing | 逐根拔除One hair at a time | 3–6 周；精修用，大面积不适合Three to six weeks. For detail work, not large areas. |
| 线面Threading | 棉线绞除Twisted thread lifts hairs out | 3–5 周；不接触皮肤，适合敏感肌与眉形精修Three to five weeks. No product touches the skin, so it suits sensitive skin and precise brow work. |
| 激光脱毛Laser hair reduction | 光热破坏毛囊Photothermal damage to the follicle | 长期减少；只对生长期毛发有效，需多次疗程Long-term reduction. Only works on anagen hair, so it needs a course of sessions. |
| 电解针Electrolysis | 电流破坏毛乳头Current destroys the papilla | 唯一被认可可永久去除的方法；逐根处理，耗时The only method recognised as permanent. One hair at a time, so it is slow. |
常见误解 A myth worth correcting 「剃须会让毛发变粗变黑」是错的。剃须只是把毛干平切，断面粗糙、颜色显深，感觉变硬 —— 毛囊本身完全没有改变。客户经常问这个问题，你需要能自信地解释清楚。Shaving does not make hair grow back thicker or darker. It leaves a blunt cut end that feels coarse and looks darker, but the follicle itself is unchanged. Clients ask this constantly, so be ready to explain it confidently.
激光脱毛只对生长期毛发有效 —— 这正是它需要 6–8 次疗程、间隔 4–6 周的原因。理解毛发周期，你就能向客户解释清楚为什么不能「一次搞定」。Laser only affects hair in anagen, which is exactly why a course of six to eight sessions spaced four to six weeks apart is needed. Understanding the cycle lets you explain to a client why one session cannot finish the job.
第三部分 · 软蜡与硬蜡Part Three · Strip Wax & Hot Wax
Part Three · Strip Wax & Hot Wax第三部分 · 软蜡与硬蜡
| 软蜡 Strip waxStrip wax | 硬蜡 Hot waxHot wax | |
|---|---|---|
| 去除方式How it's removed | 覆盖脱毛纸后撕除With a paper or fabric strip | 冷却变硬后直接徒手撕除Cools, sets, and is lifted off by hand |
| 黏附对象What it grips | 黏毛也黏皮肤Grips both hair and skin | 主要包裹毛发，对皮肤黏性低Wraps around the hair with much less pull on skin |
| 适用部位Best for | 腿、手臂、背部等大面积Large areas — legs, arms, back | 面部、腋下、比基尼线等敏感或短毛部位Sensitive or short-hair areas — face, underarm, bikini |
| 疼痛感Comfort | 较明显More uncomfortable | 相对温和Gentler |
| 重复施作Repeat passes | 同一部位不宜重复超过两次No more than two passes on the same area | 可小范围补做，但仍须节制Small touch-ups are possible, but still be sparing |
| 最短毛长Minimum hair length | 约 5 毫米About 5 mm | 约 3–4 毫米About 3 to 4 mm |
3.1 操作要点3.1 Technique essentials
- 蜡温必须在手腕内侧测试后才可上客户皮肤 —— 每一次、每一锅都要测Test the temperature on your own inner wrist before it touches a client, every time and every pot
- 施作前清洁并彻底干燥皮肤，可用爽身粉吸走残余油脂与水分Cleanse and dry the area thoroughly. A light dusting of powder absorbs residual oil and moisture.
- 上蜡顺着毛流方向，撕除逆着毛流方向Apply with the direction of growth, remove against it
- 撕除时贴近皮肤、快速平行拉扯，绝不可向上提拉Pull fast and parallel to the skin, close to the surface — never lift upward
- 另一只手必须绷紧皮肤，这是减少疼痛与瘀青的关键Your other hand must hold the skin taut. This is the single biggest factor in reducing pain and bruising.
- 撕除后立即用手掌按压该处数秒，能明显缓解疼痛Press the area with your palm for a few seconds straight after. It noticeably reduces the sting.
绝对不可以 Never 禁止重复蘸蜡（no double dipping）。刮板接触客户皮肤后不可再放回蜡锅 —— 每次都必须换新刮板。这是感染控制的硬性规定，也是检查时最常被抓到的违规。Never double dip. Once a spatula has touched the client's skin it does not go back into the pot — use a fresh one every time. This is a hard infection control rule and the violation inspectors find most often.
第四部分 · 操作流程与技巧Part Four · Technique
Part Four · Technique第四部分 · 操作流程与技巧
4.1 标准操作步骤4.1 The standard sequence
| 步骤Step | 做法What you do | 要点Key point |
|---|---|---|
| 1 咨询与筛查1 Consult and screen | 确认禁忌症、用药、过敏、上次脱毛时间Check contraindications, medication, allergies and last wax date | 口服 A 酸客户必须拒绝服务Decline anyone on isotretinoin |
| 2 清洁2 Cleanse | 用专用清洁液清除油脂与汗液Remove oil and sweat with a pre-wax cleanser | 油脂会让蜡抓不住毛Oil stops the wax gripping |
| 3 干燥与撒粉3 Dry and powder | 彻底吸干，必要时薄扑爽身粉Dry completely, dust lightly with powder if needed | 潮湿是脱毛失败最常见的原因Moisture is the most common reason a wax fails |
| 4 上蜡4 Apply | 顺毛生长方向、45 度角、厚薄均匀In the direction of growth, at about 45 degrees, evenly | 硬蜡边缘留稍厚的「拉手」Leave a slightly thicker lip on hard wax to grab |
| 5 绷紧皮肤5 Tension | 另一只手把皮肤绷紧固定Hold the skin taut with your free hand | 不绷紧就一定会淤青Without tension you will bruise the client |
| 6 撕除6 Remove | 逆毛方向、贴近皮肤、快速平行拉Against the growth, close and parallel to the skin, fast | 向上提拉是断毛与淤青的主因Pulling upward is what breaks hair and causes bruising |
| 7 按压7 Press | 立即用手掌按压该区域Press the area immediately with your palm | 压力可显著减轻疼痛感Pressure noticeably reduces the pain response |
| 8 舒缓8 Soothe | 涂抹舒缓凝胶或芦荟，不含酒精Apply a soothing gel or aloe, alcohol free | 含酒精产品会加重刺激Anything with alcohol will sting and inflame |
三个决定成败的细节 Three details that decide the result ① 撕的方向必须逆毛；② 撕的角度必须贴着皮肤平行，不能往上提；③ 撕之前必须绷紧皮肤。这三点做对了，疼痛、淤青与断毛问题就解决了大半。One, always remove against the growth. Two, keep the pull parallel and close to the skin, never lifting upward. Three, always hold the skin taut first. Get these three right and most of the pain, bruising and breakage disappears.
4.2 各部位注意事项4.2 Area-specific notes
- 眉部 —— 先设计再上蜡，宁少勿多；眼周皮肤薄，须格外绷紧Brows — design first, remove less rather than more. The skin is thin here so tension matters even more.
- 上唇 —— 分两段处理，客户可用舌头顶住上唇形成支撑Upper lip — work in two halves and have the client push her tongue behind the lip for support
- 腋下 —— 毛发生长方向多变，需分方向多次处理Underarm — growth runs in several directions, so work it in sections
- 比基尼与私密部位 —— 只用硬蜡，严格更换手套与用品，注意隐私与沟通Bikini and intimate — hard wax only, strict glove and consumable changes, and clear communication about draping and privacy
- 腿部与背部 —— 软蜡效率更高，但膝盖、脚踝等骨凸处容易淤青Legs and back — strip wax is more efficient, but bony areas like knees and ankles bruise easily
4.3 常见并发症与处理4.3 Common complications
| 问题Problem | 原因Cause | 处理与预防Manage and prevent |
|---|---|---|
| 淤青Bruising | 皮肤没绷紧、向上提拉、抗凝药物No tension, upward pull, or anticoagulant medication | 立即冷敷；下次务必绷紧并平行撕Cold compress immediately. Next time, tension and a parallel pull. |
| 表皮撕脱Lifting | 重复上蜡同一区域、皮肤过薄、A 酸使用中Rewaxing the same spot, thin skin, or retinoid use | 同一区域最多重复一次；剩余毛发改用镊子Never rewax an area more than once. Tweeze any strays instead. |
| 毛囊炎Folliculitis | 细菌进入敞开的毛囊Bacteria entering the open follicle | 24 小时内避免出汗、泳池、紧身衣；感染须转介医生No sweating, pools or tight clothing for 24 hours. Refer if it becomes infected. |
| 内生毛Ingrown hairs | 角质堆积堵塞毛孔，毛发无法穿出Dead skin blocking the follicle so the hair cannot break through | 术后 48 小时起每周轻柔去角质 2–3 次并保湿From 48 hours, gentle exfoliation two to three times weekly plus moisturiser |
| 烫伤Burns | 蜡温过高Wax too hot | 立即冷水冲；每次使用前必须试温Cool running water immediately. Always test temperature first. |
| 断毛Breakage | 毛太短、皮肤潮湿、蜡太冷、角度错误Hair too short, damp skin, wax too cool, wrong angle | 确保 5mm、彻底干燥、正确温度、平行撕除5 mm minimum, dry thoroughly, correct temperature, parallel removal |
4.4 术后护理4.4 Aftercare
- 24 小时内避免：热水澡、桑拿、泳池、海水、剧烈运动、日晒与美黑For 24 hours avoid hot showers, sauna, pools, the ocean, intense exercise, sun and fake tan
- 24 小时内避免紧身衣物与含香精、酒精的身体乳、除臭剂Avoid tight clothing and any fragranced or alcohol-based lotion or deodorant for 24 hours
- 不要用手触摸该部位 —— 手上的细菌是毛囊炎的主要来源Do not touch the area. Your hands are the main source of folliculitis.
- 术后 48 小时起每周轻柔去角质 2–3 次，每天保湿，预防内生毛From 48 hours, exfoliate gently two to three times a week and moisturise daily to prevent ingrowns
- 每 4–6 周固定复做，两次之间不要刮毛 —— 刮毛会打乱周期Rebook every four to six weeks and do not shave in between, as it resets the cycle
- 把术后建议写下来给客户带走，不要只口头交代Write the aftercare down and send it home with her rather than relying on a verbal reminder
第五部分 · 禁忌症与安全Part Five · Contraindications & Safety
Part Five · Contraindications & Safety第五部分 · 禁忌症与安全
4.1 绝对禁忌症 — 不可施作4.1 Absolute — do not treat
- 该部位有开放性伤口、烧伤、晒伤或未愈合的破损Open wounds, burns, sunburn or unhealed skin in the area
- 活动性皮肤感染 —— 疱疹、脓疱疮、癣、毛囊炎发作期Active skin infection — herpes, impetigo, ringworm, a folliculitis flare
- 静脉曲张部位、血肿、近期瘀青Over varicose veins, haematoma or fresh bruising
- 正在服用异维A 酸，或停药未满 6 个月Currently on isotretinoin, or within six months of stopping
- 该部位近期做过激光、换肤、微针或注射Recent laser, peel, microneedling or injectables in the same area
- 对蜡或松香类成分有明确过敏史A known allergy to wax or rosin-based ingredients
4.2 相对禁忌症 — 需谨慎4.2 Relative — proceed with caution
- 糖尿病 —— 感觉迟钝、愈合慢、感染风险高，建议先取得医生意见Diabetes — reduced sensation, slow healing and higher infection risk. Get medical clearance first.
- 怀孕 —— 皮肤更敏感、更易瘀青，孕晚期避免长时间俯卧Pregnancy — skin is more sensitive and bruises easily. Avoid long periods lying flat in late pregnancy.
- 正在外用维A 酸或酸类产品的部位 —— 建议停用一周Areas where the client uses topical retinoids or acids — ask her to stop for a week beforehand
- 服用抗凝血药物 —— 瘀青风险升高Anticoagulant medication — increased bruising risk
- 月经期 —— 痛觉敏感度显著上升，可建议改期During menstruation pain sensitivity rises noticeably. Offer to reschedule.
- 瘢痕疙瘩体质、正在接受化疗或放疗Keloid tendency, or current chemotherapy or radiotherapy
4.3 常见问题与处理4.3 Common problems
| 问题Problem | 成因Cause | 预防与处理Prevention and management |
|---|---|---|
| 内生毛Ingrown hairs | 毛发无法穿出角质层，卷曲长入皮肤The hair cannot break through the corneum and curls back into the skin | 每周 2–3 次温和去角质、保湿、穿宽松衣物；不可自行挑破Gentle exfoliation two to three times a week, moisturise, wear loose clothing. Never dig them out. |
| 毛囊炎Folliculitis | 毛囊细菌感染，常因术后出汗、摩擦或不洁Bacterial infection of the follicle, often from post-wax sweat, friction or contamination | 术后 24 小时避免运动、桑拿、游泳；严重者转介医生No exercise, sauna or swimming for 24 hours. Refer if it is significant. |
| 皮肤撕脱Skin lifting | 蜡温过高、重复施作、皮肤过薄或正在用酸Wax too hot, too many passes, thin skin, or the client is using acids | 冷敷、涂抗菌药膏、记录事故并告知客户护理方式Cool compress, antiseptic, record the incident and give clear aftercare |
| 瘀青Bruising | 皮肤未绷紧、拉扯方向向上Skin not held taut, or pulling upward instead of parallel | 技术问题，检讨手法；冷敷缓解This is a technique fault — review your handling. Cool compress to settle it. |
4.4 术后护理4.4 Aftercare
- 24 小时内：不做剧烈运动、不桑拿、不游泳、不泡热水澡、不日晒、不用香氛类产品For 24 hours: no intense exercise, sauna, swimming, hot baths, sun exposure or perfumed products
- 24 小时内不化妆（面部脱毛后），穿宽松透气衣物（身体脱毛后）No make-up for 24 hours after facial waxing, and loose breathable clothing after body waxing
- 48 小时后开始温和去角质，预防内生毛Start gentle exfoliation after 48 hours to prevent ingrowns
- 轻微泛红属正常，通常数小时内消退；若出现脓包、持续疼痛或扩散性红肿，立即联系我们Mild redness is normal and settles within hours. Contact us if there are pustules, ongoing pain or spreading redness.
- 建议每 4–6 周规律回访，效果会逐次改善Rebook every four to six weeks — results improve with regularity
理论测验Knowledge Check
Knowledge Check · 15 questions理论测验 · 15 题
共 15 题，每题一个正确答案。答对 12 题（80%）以上为通过。提交后会显示答案与解析。Fifteen questions, one correct answer each. Twelve correct is a pass. Answers and explanations appear after you submit.
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